A land of milk and honey with streets paved with gold: do emigrants have over-optimistic expectations about incomes abroad?

Millions of people emigrate every year in search of better economic and social opportunities. Anecdotal evidence suggests that emigrants may have over-optimistic expectations about the incomes they can earn abroad, resulting in excessive migration pressure, and in disappointment amongst those who do migrate. Yet there is almost no statistical evidence on how accurately these emigrants predict the incomes that they will earn working abroad. In this paper we combine a natural emigration experiment with unique survey data on would-be emigrants’ probabilistic expectations about employment and incomes in the migration destination. Our procedure enables us to obtain moments and quantiles of the subjective distribution of expected earnings in the destination country. We find a significant underestimation of both unconditional and conditional labor earnings at all points in the distribution. This under-estimation appears driven in part by potential migrants placing too much weight on the negative employment experiences of some migrants, and by inaccurate information flows from extended family, who may be trying to moderate remittance demands by understating incomes

Distinct regions of the Swi5 and Ace2 transcription factors are required for specific gene activation

Swi5 and Ace2 are cell cycle-regulated transcription factors that activate expression of early G1-specific genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Swi5 and Ace2 have zinc finger DNA-binding domains that are highly conserved, and the two proteins bind to the same DNA sequences in vitro. Despite this similarity in DNA binding, Swi5 and Ace2 activate different genes in vivo, with Swi5 activating the HO gene and Ace2 activating CTS1 expression. In this report we have used chimeric fusions between Swi5 and Ace2 to determine what regions of these proteins are necessary for promoter-specific activation of HO and CTS1. We have identified specific regions of Swi5 and Ace2 that are required for activation of HO and CTS1, respectively. The Swi5 protein binds HO promoter DNA cooperatively with the Pho2 homeodomain protein, and the HO specificity region of Swi5 identified in the chimeric analysis coincides with the region of Swi5 previously identified that interacts with Pho2 in vitro. Swi5 and Ace2 also activate expression of a number of other genes expressed in G1 phase of the cell cycle, including ASH1, CDC6, EGT2, PCL2, PCL9, RME1, and SIC1. Analysis of the Swi5/Ace2 chimeras shows that distinct regions of Swi5 and Ace2 contribute to the transcriptional activation of some of these other G1-regulated genes

DNA binding properties of an HMG1-related protein from yeast mitochondria

The DNA binding properties of ABF2, an abundant protein found in the mitochondria of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been examined in detail. ABF2 is closely related to the vertebrate high mobility group protein HMG1 and like HMG1, ABF2 will introduce negative supercoils into a relaxed, double-stranded circular DNA molecule in cooperation with a DNA topoisomerase. Additionally, ABF2 binds approximately 5-10 times more tightly to negatively supercoiled DNA than to relaxed circular or linear DNA. Although ABF2 binds to most random double-stranded sequences with roughly equal affinity, its binding within certain key regulatory regions is qualitatively quite different. First, ABF2 binding induces a distinct pattern of DNA bending within the chromosomal origin of DNA replication, ARS1. Second, ABF2 binding to all nuclear replication origins tested, in addition to a critical mitochondrial promoter and replication origin, is clearly nonrandom as visualized by DNase1 footprinting. Analysis of the sequences found within these regions as well as competition experiments with synthetic DNA molecules suggest that site-specific DNA binding may be accomplished by the phased distribution of short stretches of poly(dA), which exclude ABF2 binding. These patterns of ABF2 DNA binding suggest a role for the protein in genome organization and site-specific regulation of transcription or DNA replication

Culture and Communication : A Study of NGO Woman-to-Woman Communication Styles at the United Nations

This dissertation is an original study that will confirm that culture determines the foundation for shaping one’s communication style. A multitude of communication styles strongly impacts woman-to-woman interaction among UN NGO representatives. As a result, progress on the advancement of women involves an enormous amount of effort and energy in the never-ending challenge to communicate effectively with one another

Replication factor-A from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is encoded by three essential genes coordinately expressed at S phase

Replication factor-A (RF-A) is a three-subunit protein complex originally purified from human cells as an essential component for SV40 DNA replication in vitro. We have previously identified a functionally homologous three-subunit protein complex from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the genes encoding RF-A from S. cerevisiae. Each of the three subunits is encoded by a single essential gene. Cells carrying null mutations in any of the three genes arrest as budded and multiply budded cells. All three genes are expressed in a cell-cycle-dependent manner; the mRNA for each subunit peaks at the G1/S-phase boundary. A comparison of protein sequences indicates that the human p34 subunit is 29% identical to the corresponding RFA2 gene product. However, expression of the human protein fails to rescue the rfa2::TRP1 disruption

Spectroscopic Studies of Copper and Silver Binding to Metallothioneins

Mammalian metallothionein is remarkable in its metal binding properties: well-characterized species exist for metal to sulfur ratios of M7S20, M12S20, and M18S20, where M = Cd(ll), Zn(ll), Hg(ll), Ag(I), Au(I), and Cu(I). Circular dichroism and luminescence spectra provide rich details of a complicated metal binding chemistry when metals are added directly to the metal free- or zinc-containing protein. CD spectral data unambiguously identify key metal to protein stoichiometric ratios that result in well-defined structures. Emission spectra in the 450-750 nm region have been reported for metallothioneins containing Ag(I), Au(I), and Cu(I). The luminescence of Cu-MT can also be detected directly from mammalian and yeast cells. Qualitative and quantitative interpretations show that the final structure adopted by Ag-MT is not the same as that formed by Cu(I) ions in Cu-MT. XAFS structural data are reported for a number of metallothioneins, including Ag12-MT and Ag17-MT. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry provides details on the species formed when Ag(I) binds to metallothionein. Mass spectral data are reported for metal-free MT 2A and Agn-MT (n = 14-18)

The Medical Malpractice Reform Act of 1975: The Unanswered Issues of \u3cem\u3eCarter v. Sparkman\u3c/em\u3e

In the wake of rising criticism of Florida\u27s Medical Malpractice Reform Act of 1975, the authors examine several constitutional issues which were not addressed by the supreme court in its validation of the Act in Carter v. Sparkman. The Act is criticized as constitutionally deficient on equal protection and substantive and procedural due process grounds. In their appeal for reform, the authors present several salient insights into the burdens placed on medical malpractice claimants under the present Act

The Medical Malpractice Reform Act of 1975: The Unanswered Issues of \u3cem\u3eCarter v. Sparkman\u3c/em\u3e

In the wake of rising criticism of Florida\u27s Medical Malpractice Reform Act of 1975, the authors examine several constitutional issues which were not addressed by the supreme court in its validation of the Act in Carter v. Sparkman. The Act is criticized as constitutionally deficient on equal protection and substantive and procedural due process grounds. In their appeal for reform, the authors present several salient insights into the burdens placed on medical malpractice claimants under the present Act

THE U.S. DAIRY INDUSTRY

Agribusiness,